Question 2

Answer:

Competent patients have the right to refuse treatment as long as refusal will not lead to death. 

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Answer:

Competent patients may refuse life-sustaining treatment, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation and artificial ventilation, but not more basic treatments such as artificial nutrition and hydration. 

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Answer:

There is an ethical distinction between withholding and withdrawing treatment; therefore, life-sustaining treatment may not be stopped once it's been started.

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Answer:

Physicians may administer medication with the intent of alleviating pain and suffering despite the foreseeable (but unintended) consequence of hastening death.

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